Lemuria the Ancient Roman Day of the Dead

The upcoming holiday of Halloween may  derive, in part, from the Celtic holiday of Samhain. However, the Celts weren’t the only ones to appease their dead. The Romans did so at numerous festivals, including the Lemuria, a rite that Ovid traced back to the very founding of Rome. Lemuria and Ancestor Worship The Lemuria took place on three different days in May. On the ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth of that month, Roman householders gave offerings to their deceased ancestors to make sure their ancestors didn’t haunt them. The great poet Ovid chronicled Roman festivals in his Fasti. In his section on the month of May, he discussed the Lemuria. Ovid alleged that the festival got its name from â€Å"Remuria,† a festival named for Remus, Romulus’s twin brother whom he killed after founding Rome. Remus appeared as a ghost after his death and asked his brother’s friends to make future generations honor him. Said Ovid, â€Å"Romulus complied, and gave the name Remuria to the day on which due worship is paid to buried ancestors.† Eventually, â€Å"Remuria† became â€Å"Lemuria.† Scholars doubt that etymology, however, instead of supporting the likely theory that Lemura was named for the â€Å"lemures,† one of the several types of Roman spirits. The Ceremony for Celebrating the Dead The Romans believed that there could be no knots present during the ceremony. Some scholars theorize that knots were forbidden to allow natural forces to flow properly. The Romans are known to take off their sandals, and walk in their bare feet while making a sign to ward off evil. This gesture is called mano fica  (literally fig hand).   They would then clean themselves with fresh water and throw black beans (or spit black beans from their mouth). Looking away, they would say, â€Å"These I cast; with these beans, I redeem me and mine. By throwing away beans and what they  symbolize or contain, ancient Romans believed they were removing potentially dangerous spirits from their home. According to Ovid, the spirits would follow the beans and leave the living be. Next, they would wash and bang together pieces of bronze from Temesa in Calabria, Italy. They would ask the shades to leave their home nine times, saying, Ghost of my fathers, go forth! And youre done. Its not black magic as we think of it today, which Charles W. King explains in his essay â€Å"The Roman Manes: the Dead as Gods. If the Romans even had such a concept, it would have applied to â€Å"invoking supernatural powers to harm others,† which doesnt happen here. As King observes, the Roman spirits in the Lemuria arent the same as our modern ghosts. These are ancestral spirits to be propitiated. They might harm you if you don’t observe certain rites, but they’re not necessarily inherently evil. Types of Spirits The spirits Ovid mentions aren’t all one and the same. One particular category of spirits is  the manes, which King defines as the â€Å"deified dead†;  in his Roman Gods: a Conceptual Approach,  Michael Lipka terms them â€Å"the venerable souls of the past.† In fact, Ovid calls the ghosts by this name (among others) in his Fasti. These manes, then, aren’t just spirits, but a kind of god. Such rituals as the Lemuria aren’t only apotropaic—representative of  a type of magic to ward off negative influences—but also  negotiate with the dead in different ways. In other texts, the interaction between the human and the manes is encouraged. Thus, the Lemuria provides an insight into the complexities of the ways the Romans regarded their dead.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But these manes  arent the only sprits involved in this festival.  In Jack J. Lennon’s Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome, he author mentions another kind of spirit invoked in the Lemuria. These are the  taciti inferi, the silent dead. Unlike the manes, Lennon says, â€Å"these spirits were labeled as harmful and malicious.† Perhaps, then, the Lemuria was an occasion to propitiate different kinds of gods and spirits all at once. Indeed, other sources say the gods worshippers placated at the Lemuria werent the manes, but the lemures or the larvae, which were often conflated in antiquity. Even Michael Lipka terms these different types of spirits â€Å"confusingly similar.† The Romans likely took this holiday as a time to appease all the ghost-gods. Although Lemuria isnt celebrated today, it might have left its legacy in Western Europe. Some scholars theorize that modern All Saints’ Day derives  from this festival (along with another ghostly Roman holiday,  Parentalia). Though that assertion is a mere possibility, Lemuria still reigns supreme as one of the deadliest of all Roman holidays.

Revenge in Othello - 811 Words

Revenge in Central to Shakespeares play Othello to a very large extent. The entire play is shaped around revenge. Iago, who is seen as Shakespeare’s greatest villain is fueled by revenge. Iago has jealousy over Cassios position and has suspicions towards both Cassio and Othello of adultery with his wife Emilia. Out of vengeance Iago uses his ability to manipulate Othello and build jealousy and suspicions within him about his wife Desdemona. This jealousy in Othello leads to his revenge towards Desdemona resulting in tragedy. Iago has a hatred over Cassio, as he was given the promotion which he thought that he himself deserved â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place.† He knows he deserves the position over Cassio who is â€Å"Mere†¦show more content†¦Iagos anger entraps Othello in a web of deceit. Iago, the master manipulator conjures up suspicions in Othello about Cassio and Desdemona. Jealousy becomes Othello’s down fall which Iago uses as a tool to work with â€Å" O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-eyedShow MoreRelatedIagos Revenge in Othello680 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeare, Othello. The play Othello is set in the Elizabethan era, and is found on the streets of Venice. Shakespeare was a playwright, from the Elizabethan era (1600’s),who wrote many great plays that are still read to this day in age. Othello is a war general, an older man, and a black man, who, by the end of the novel, goes from having it all, to having nothing. This woul dn’t be possible though without the help of the incredibly deceitful Iago, who at all costs wants to ruin Othello and takeRead MoreIagos Revenge to Othello1892 Words   |  8 PagesRevenge is the main theme in the play Othello by William Shakespeare and it is portrayed from the character Iago. Through Iago’s soliloquies he reveals his horrible doings. Iago wants to get revenge on Othello and his loved one Desdemona. 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In Shakespeare’s drama, motifs such as jealousy, revenge, and ignorance both drive the plot of the story and lead to the utter demise of characters, including Iago, Othello, and Desdemona. Jealousy falls among multiple characters in this play, but almost all of it originates from Iago. The first stroke of jealousy is between Iago and

Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Free Essays

Climax A climax is a decisive moment in a novel that is of maximum intensity or is a major turning point in a plot. In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald the major moment of intensity in the novel is when Gatsby finally talks to Daisy for the fist time in years. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald or any similar topic only for you Order Now When they finally reconnect Gatsby feels like it was a â€Å"terrible mistake. †(87) The situation is awkward in every aspect. Gatsby is so uncomfortable to be with Daisy he breaks Nick’s clock while in a fluster of her presence. Gatsby although more noticeably uncomfortable in Daisy’s presence, has Nick to point out that â€Å"Daisy’s embarrassed too. † (87) During there first words they talked about how long it had been and Gatsby remembered the exact time it had been, it would be â€Å" five months next November. †(87) The turning point of this particular scene comes when nick comes back to the room and realizes that Gatsby â€Å"literally glowed. (89) Gatsby and Daisy had been left alone by Nick and when he comes back in he describes a scene that a question had just been answered, the question of their love. It comes to be concluded that Gatsby is happy by there conversation, that Gatsby has hope of love with Daisy. Gatsby’s rise to the riches was all for Daisy and the fact that she could love him was the only thing he wanted to hear. This is a decisive moment of maximum intensity of love and prosperity for Gatsby. It fuels his next actions of the book and his ultimate downfall in the end. How to cite Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Essay examples

Selfishness in The Cider House Rules Essay Example For Students

Selfishness in The Cider House Rules Essay In the film Cider House Rules, rule breaking and deceit are somewhat justifiable acts that the characters use out of selfishness. Homer Wells is an orphan that grew up in an orphanage in Maine in the 1940s. The orphanage was directed by a man named Dr. Wilbur Larch. As Wells grew, Larch took the initiative to take him under his wing and teach him to be an unlicensed, skilled doctor. One ordinary day, Candy Kendall and Wally Worthington arrive at the orphanage for an illegal abortion. Once the procedure is over and they are ready to leave, Wells spontaneously asks for a ride to â€Å"anywhere†. Wells’ curiosity of the world leads him to new experiences. He begins working at an apple orchard where he lives under the â€Å"Cider House Rules†. Worthington is shipped off for war and leaves his fiance at home with Wells. The two begin a fling. Throughout the film Wells shows substantial growth as he is encounters many obstacles. At the end of the film, Wells returns back to the orphanage and takes over, Larch dies, and Candy and Wally remain together. One act of selfish deceit in the film was when Dr. Larch uses forgery to create a fake certificate for Homer as a doctor. He wants to portray Homer as a specimen to take over the orphanage because he knew the change was inevitable. The motive behind Larch’s deceit was to maintain the morale the orphanage withheld, whether it was or was not actually moral. He feared that the choice of the new doctor by the board would be someone who would do away with abortions. Other reasoning, along with the way the children would be treated, was also on Larch’s mind when being deceitful. These reasons were justified internally for Dr. Larch. Eric Fromm, a distinguished writer, psychoanalyst, philosopher, historian, and sociologist of the twentieth century, stated, â€Å"obedience to another person is ipso facto submission needs also to be qualified by distinguishing â€Å"irrational† from â€Å"rational† authority† (Fromm 126). Fromm proceeds to explain the difference between the two. â€Å"An example of rational authority is to be found in the relationship between student and teacher; one of irrational authority in the relationship between slave and master† (Fromm 126). This means that rational authority is the intention that the person under the authority will gain something from the rule. Irrational authority is simply ruling over someone for personal gain. In this particular situation in the film, Dr. Larch is doing what he feels like is rational authoritative move. He is not necessarily in charge of Homer but he is trying to be. Larch feels that laying out a path for Homer would be beneficial for both of their futures. Another example of deceit in the film is when Candy and Homer have sex. Not only does this go against Homer’s initial idea of responsibility, but it also conflicts with the fact that Candy and Wally are in a relationship. Candy, obviously overcome with guilt, in attempt to justify her actions says, â€Å"Wally knows I’m not good at being alone† (CHR). Homer’s attempt to clear his conscious lies in his words, â€Å"This is right† (CHR). Also, Homer seems to justify having impulsive sex with his love for Candy. â€Å"For the prophets, history is the place where man becomes human; during its unfolding he develops his powers of reason and of love until he creates a new harmony between himself, his fellow man, and nature† (Fromm 124). Homer relates to Fromm’s claim because this is one of the first major acts of disobedience he presents. Homer having sex with Candy represents the feeling of him breaking out of ‘’inhuman harmony† and turning into an actual man. Mr. Rose, a supporting role in the film, was an orchard worker who Homer lived with. Mr. Rose had a daughter, Rose, that he raped. Rose became pregnant. After building up the courage to leave, she ran away from the cider house. According to Mr. .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 , .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .postImageUrl , .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 , .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451:hover , .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451:visited , .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451:active { border:0!important; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451:active , .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451 .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80a4446542db0e6b7027c6ba6db02451:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Comedy of Stephen Crow EssayRose his daughter was armed with a sharp knife and as he reached out to simply â€Å"touch her hand before she left†, she stabbed his stomach. He then proceeded to ask Homer to lie and tell authorities that he stabbed himself out of being distraught from losing another child. It seems that Mr. Rose believes his acts are justifiable because he did lose his children and he feels bad for himself. Doris Lessing, known as the â€Å"best woman novelist† of the postwar era, talks about how belonging to a certain â€Å"group† effects people’s obedience. This mechanism, of obedience to a group, does not only mean obedience or submission to a small group, or one that is sharply determined, like a religion or political party. It means, too, conforming to those large, vague, ill-defined collections of people who may never think of themselves as having a collective mind because are aware of differences of opinion-but which, to people from outside, from another culture, seem very minor† (Lessing 308). This correlates to Mr. Rose because he does not feel like he belongs or is important to any certain group. He does not feel that he is closely being watched. These feelings lead to the assumption that he does not have any rules to follow. Whether or not deceit and rule breaking is justified through the motive behind them, the characters in this movie selfishly seem to think so. Other reasons like lust, with Candy and Homer, and guilt, with Mr. Rose, also tie into the selfishness of their actions. Sometimes people feel bad for themselves and think that they are exempt from normal rule, leaving their acts justifiable.

Leadership Attributes

Question: What do we mean by leadership. Answer: Leadership attributes Individuals may well be attracted to, selected for, or successful in leadership roles early in their lives and careers based on their analytic intelligence. However, it is very important to first understand what is really meant by the term leadership. According to Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy in their 8th edition on leadership, leadership is a process that involves influencing others towards achieving a set of group goals. Many people like to think that they can make good leaders but the most important question to ask yourself is, do you have what it takes to influence and direct others toward achieving the laid out goals?. In as much as some people are born with the ability to lead, there is more to leadership than just being able to stand in front of a group of people and use the power of words to influence these people to do something. It takes much more to be a good leader and this where the issue of experience, intelligence and wisdom comes in. Good leadership requires intelligence and wisdom. People tend to confuse the meanings of these terms by thinking that wisdom is just another term for intelligence. However, there is a difference between the two. Intelligence is the ability of the mind to comprehend, use thought and reasoning for problem solving and is a quality that every leader should have but intelligence as a stand-alone tool for leadership is not as effective. There is need to couple it with other aspects such as wisdom. Wisdom refers to the deep understanding of the reality of things, events and situations. It is therefore very important for a leader not only to be able to comprehend situations but also to have a deep understanding, so as to be able to deal with situations with the thoroughness that leadership matters require. Over time, the experience that leaders gain when dealing with matters of leadership helps in making them wiser so that they are able to handle situations better. The meaning of leadership Effective leader behaviour depends on many variables. It follows that there is no simple prescription for effective leader behaviour, which begs the question, is effective leadership merely a matter of opinion or subjective preference? I do believe that every person has their own understanding of effective leadership. What one might consider good leadership, another person might consider poor leadership. This is because just as different people have different personalities and ways of doing things so do leaders. Different leaders have different ways of doing things, for instance; one leader may prefer to involve his team members, consult them in some matters and even roll up his sleeves and join his team members in doing what needs to be done in a bid to achieve their goals. An example being, in a company, the team leader of a group of workers in a certain department may involve his team members in setting up goals for that department to be achieved within a given period of time and may even go out of his way to actually be involved in some activities towards goal achievement while on the other hand another leader could prefer laying out guidelines, dictating and allocating duties to his team members who report to him about the progress. It is clear that these two leaders have different ways of handling issues, the first one getting involved and working side by side with his team members while the other one dictating and giving out orders to his team members while expecting results and progr ess to be reported back to him. This goes to show that effective leadership is a matter of opinion. Hughes, Giginnett and Curphy have clearly illustrated in their 8th edition on leadership about what leadership is all about. According to them, leadership is a framework made up of three aspects; the leader, the followers and the situation. Leadership cannot exist without these three fundamental aspects. A leader needs to acknowledge his followers while the followers need to respect their leaders and work with their leaders in order to be able to achieve their goals. Leaders are basically the torch bearers when it comes to goal achievement because they are the ones who come up with brilliant ideas as well as ways and strategies of achieving these goals. On the other hand, the leaders should also acknowledge that they have a great responsibility of ensuring that they deliver what is required of them. They should also work with followers in accomplishing these goals that is followers should not feel left out in the leadership process. Also of importance is to note that there is always a situation when it comes to leadership, a situation that needs to be addressed and so those three aspects are what make up effective leadership. References Polelle, M. (2008). Leadership: Fifty great leaders and the worlds they made. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Glanz, J. (2002). Finding your leadership style: A guide for educators. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Tracy, B. (2014). Leadership. New York, NY: AMACOM. Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Sadler, P. (2003). Leadership. London: Kogan Page Ltd. DuBrin, A. J. (2011). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

A Guide to Bursitis

A Guide to Bursitis Bursitis is defined as the irritation or inflammation of a bursa (fluid filled sacs attached to joints). It most commonly occurs in adults over 40 years of age and results in discomfort or loss of motion in the affected joint.   What Is a Bursa? A bursa is a fluid-filled sac located around joints in the body that reduce friction and ease movement as tendons or muscles pass over bones or skin. They are located around joints and reduce friction and ease movement as tendons or muscles pass over bones or skin. Bursas are found next to all joints in the body.   What Are the Symptoms of Bursitis? The main symptom of bursitis is experiencing pain in the joints in the body - usually occurring in the shoulder, knee, elbow, hip, heel, and thumb. This pain may start subtle and build to extremely intense, especially in the presence of calcium deposits in the bursa. Tenderness, swelling, and warmth often accompany or precede this pain. Reduction in or loss of motion at the affected joint can also be symptomatic of more severe bursitis, such as the case of frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis wherein the pain from bursitis makes the patient incapable of moving the shoulder What Causes Bursitis? Bursitis can be caused by acute or repetitive traumatic impact to the bursa, repetitive stress through overuse of the joint, and post operation or injury infections.   Age is one of the primary factors that cause bursitis. Due to prolonged stress on joints, especially those requiring daily use, tendons toughen and become less tolerant of stress, less elastic, and easier to tear resulting in an increased likelihood the bursa could become irritated or inflamed.  At-risk patients should use caution when engaging in activities that cause extensive stress to joints, such as gardening and many physically stressful sports, as they have also been known to carry a high-risk for causing the irritation.  Other medical conditions that cause additional joint stress (such as tendonitis and arthritis) may also increase a persons risk.   How Do I Prevent Bursitis? Being aware of the strain daily activities have on your joints, tendons and bursas can greatly reduce the likelihood of getting bursitis. For patients beginning a new exercise routine, stretching properly and gradually building up stress and repetition will help mitigate the possibility of a repetitive stress injury. However, since age is one of the primary causes of the ailment, bursitis is not entirely preventable.   How Do I Know If I Have Bursitis? Bursitis is difficult to diagnose as it shares many symptoms with tendonitis and arthritis. As a result, identification of symptoms and knowledge of causes can lead to a proper diagnosis of bursitis. Follow  these tips if you have been diagnosed with a repetitive stress injury and use a visual pain scale to track and identify your pain to help determine if you have bursitis. If symptoms do not alleviate after a couple of weeks of self-care, the pain becomes too severe, swelling or redness occurs or a fever develops, you should schedule a consult with your physician.

12 Types of Travel Writing Every Writer Should Know

12 Types of Travel Writing Every Writer Should Know 12 Types of Travel Writing Every Writer Should Know So, you want to be a travel writer?There are plenty of reality doses out there already, so we’re going to focus on the positives, and what you can do to maximize your chances of travel writing professionally. One of the first steps: you should absolutely know your markets, and what types of travel writing are popular in them. In today’s competitive market, this knowledge can both help you structure your article  and target the right audience. If you’re freelance writing, always check submission guidelines. Publications may accept only pitches or they may welcome articles â€Å"on spec† (pre-written articles). Some sources only take travel articles that were written within 6 months of the trip.If you’re blogging, brand your website (same advice if you’re an author who’s building an author website).If you’re writing a book, get a professional editor! An unedited book is an unwieldy thing, and professional eyes provide direction, continuity, and assonance. (Layout designers can be important if you’re publishing a travel photography book, in the meanwhile.)Travel writing isn't a cinch. In fact, it's a long and often hard grind. But by figuring out what type of travel writing you want to try your hand at, you're taking the crucial first step.Have you tried travel writing before? Want to show us the cool travel blog that you're keeping? We're always in the mood for great travel w riting + pretty pictures. Leave us a note in the comments and we'll be sure to check it out!